Maurice Guillaux - Flying into Harden with Australia's first airmail, 16-18 July 1914
Maurice Guillaux - 50th Anniversary 1964 | Postcards & Philatelics 1913+ | Flying into Harden 1914 | First Australian Aerial Mail 1914 | Australia - photographs & film 1914
Maurice Guillaux in Sydney following his flight from Melbourne, 18 July 1914. Collection: Powerhouse Museum. |
The first official air mail flight in Australia - from Melbourne to Sydney - was undertaken between Thursday 16 and Saturday 18 July 1914 by visiting French stunt pilot Ernest Francois "Maurice" Guillaux (1883-1917) in a Blériot XI monoplane (Dougherty 2014). The aircraft possessed an open monobox frame, a 50 horsepower Gnome engine, and carried 55 litres of fuel enabling it to fly for approximately two hours (Crouch 1982). Whilst performing across the country between April and October 1914, Guillaux was contracted by the Commonwealth Postmaster General’s Department to fly from Melbourne to Sydney, carrying freight and mail (Wilson 2014). This was just four years after Australia's first straight-line controlled powered flight by Colin Defries in a Wright Brothers Model A on 9 December 1909 at Victoria Park racecourse, Sydney, and the first circling flight by Ernst Weiss at Diggers Rest, Victoria on 18 March 1910 (Debenham 2009).
During the flight from Melbourne to Sydney, Guillaux landed at Harden showground at 4.06 pm on 16 July 1914 (the author lives at Harden). Due to the onset of bad weather in both Harden and his next scheduled stop at Goulburn, Guillaux did not leave until early Saturday morning, having to turn back despite various attempts on Thursday afternoon (adverse winds) and Friday (torrential rain). This blog brings together numerous records and accounts dealing with the adventurous Frenchman's brief stay in Harden, whilst also providing an overview of his Australian visit and the pioneering flight from Melbourne to Sydney.
Stunt pilot / aeronaut extraordinaire!
Maurice Guillaux obtained his pilot's license in 1912 and famously won the Pommery Cup the following year, flying 1,229 kilometres / 763 miles in a single day (Wikipedia 2021). Early in 1914 he and a group of colleagues decided to undertake a world tour with their Blériot XI. The Perth Sunday Times noted the following on 5 April 1914:
Aviation
M. Guillaux, a noted French aviator, was a passenger on board the R.M.S. Orontes [Oronsay], which passed through on Tuesday. The reason of his visit to Australian and New Zealand is to give exhibitions in flying. He is known as one of the most daring flying men in the world. On Christmas Day last he looped the loop over the city of Paris, a feat which no other aviator has yet tried. M. Guillaux has quite a number of records to his name, and has lately been flying in Egypt. During his stay there he made fourteen loops while looping the loop, and he then startled the spectators by making a vertical flight in the shape of a corkscrew. M. Guillaux flies a Blériot machine fitted with a 50-horse power Gnome engine, generally recognised as the leading machines in the world.
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Guillaux arrived in Sydney on 8 April 1914 aboard the Oronsay, and over the following 195 days travelled throughout south-eastern Australia (New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia) undertaking public displays which drew paying audiences of up to 30,000 individuals. Guillaux was kept busy during this period, both travelling and performing, both in the sky and on land. For example, on Friday, 8 May he undertook the first local flight of a seaplane, taking off from Sydney Harbour in an aircraft owned by one of the members of the Anthony Hordern dynasty.
Guillaux in the Hordern seaplane on Sydney Harbour, May 1914. Collection: State Library of New South Wales. |
Some of the historic flights and public displays Guillaux engaged in between 8 April and 22 October 1914 included:
Loop the loop, Victoria Park 24 April 1914 |
- 20 April (Monday) - test flight of the Blériot XI at Victoria Park racecourse, Zetland, Sydney
- 25 April - first public display at Newcastle Showground
- 1 May - flies over Sydney
- 2 May (Saturday) - public display at Victoria Park, in front of a crowd of between 10,000 and 60,000. Guillaux carries out a loop the loop
- 8 May (Friday) - first Australian seaplane flight, on Sydney Harbour
- 9 May (Saturday) - public display at Victoria Park
- 11 May - private flights for paying customers in Sydney
- 16 May - public display at Wagga Wagga en route by train to Melbourne
- 23 May - public display at Albury
- 28 May - landing at Government House, Melbourne (captured on film)
- 30 May - public display at Flemington racecourse, attended by up to 30,000 people
- 5 June - flies the seaplane in Sydney
- 8 June (Monday) - public display at Bendigo
- 9 June (Tuesday) - flies from Bendigo to Ballarat
- 13 June (Saturday) - public display at Ballarat
- 19 June - flies over Adelaide
- 20 June - public display at Cheltenham racecourse, Adelaide, attended by about 15,000 people
- 3 July (Friday) - flies from Melbourne to Geelong
- 4 July - public display at Geelong racecourse
- 5 July - flies from Geelong to Melbourne
- 16 - 18 July - air mail flight from Melbourne to Sydney
- 1 August - public display at Ascot Racecourse, Sydney, during which the Blériot crashes and Guillaux is injured
- 12 September - public display at Bathurst - his "farewell flight in Australia"
A number of photographs from these events survive. One was autographed by Guillaux for the lord mayor of Ballarat (Mcnay
2014).
A Monsieur le Maire de Ballarat, Bien respect ... M. Guillaux [To the Mayor of Ballarat .... M. Guillaux, best wishes], 16 June 1914. Postcard. |
Various pieces of surviving British Pathe film footage from 1914 were edited together by Cinesound as a newsreel in 1964 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of Guillaux's first air mail flight. The footage includes the take off from Government House, Melbourne, on 28 May, and the aftermath of the crash in Sydney on 1 August. It does not include any footage of the actual first airmail flight, though it did receive extensive coverage in the newspapers of the day and numerous photographs were taken at the point of departure, en route and after landing in Sydney.
First Australian air mail remembered in film flashbacks (1964), Cinesound and British Pathe, duration: 1.23 minutes. Source: YouTube.
Guillaux was not the only airman performing in the country at that time. His competition included the Australian Henry Hawker and American Arthur "Wizard" Stone. The latter planned an inaugural airmail flight from Melbourne to Sydney commencing on 6 June. However, this never took place as Stone crashed during a show in Rockhampton on 1 June. Guillaux subsequently completed this task.
The twelve months just prior to the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 was a period in which many Australians saw for the first time an aircraft both in the sky and up close on the ground. It was something very new and novel. Australia was indeed fortunate to have an aviator as experienced and skillful as Maurice Guillaux to introduce them to the possibilities of powered flight. It was also fortunate that he brought to the country a Blériot XI as it was both innovative and hardy, despite its seemingly frail construction and limited range.
Very few Blériot XI survive to this day - Guillaux's being one of them, though it no longer takes to the air.
The April 1914 (?) attempt
According to a brief notice in the Queensland Balonne Beacon of Thursday, 9 April 1914, Maurice Guillaux attempted the Melbourne to Sydney first airmail flight the previous day [8 April]:
Beaten by Bad Weather
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This report is impossible, as records state that Guillaux arrived in Sydney on the Oronsay the previous day, 8 April and spent the following week or two unpacking the Blériot XI and preparing it for the Australian tour. The status of the report remains unclear, as the original copy of the newspaper on the National Library of Australia's TROVE database looks genuine. On the actual flight three months later, it took him 3 1/2 hours to travel between Melbourne and Albury, comprising 2 hrs 2 minutes travel time and the rest refueling. This report more easily fits in with events which took place on 16-17 July, not 8-9 April, and its publication cannot be explained. No similar reports have been located in any other Australian newspaper and it does not tie in with the aborted Walter Stone attempt at the first aerial mail flight in May and June. It is therefore ignored by the current author.
The first air mail flight
Between 16 - 18 July 1914 Maurice Guillaux flew solo from Melbourne to Sydney, being the first to do so. His route and approximate arrival and departure times were as follows:
Thursday 16 July
9.12am - departs Melbourne
9.54am - arrives at Seymour (42 minutes travel time)
10.55am - departs Seymour (1 hr 1 m rest/refuel)
11.40am - arrives at Wangaratta (45 minutes travel time)
12.15pm - departs Wangaratta (35 minutes rest/refuel)
12.50pm - arrives at Albury (35 minutes travel time)
1.45pm - departs Albury (55 minutes rest/refuel)
2.50pm - arrives at Wagga Wagga (1 hr 5 minutes travel time)
3.30pm - departs Wagga Wagga (40 minutes rest/refuel)
3.45pm - flies over Junee (15 minutes travel time)
4.45pm - arrives at Harden (travel time from Wagga Wagga 1 hr 15 minutes);
c.5pm - departs Harden; turns around at Binalong due to bad weather and returns to Harden where he stays overnight
Friday 17 July
2pm - departs Harden; turns around at Galong and returns to Harden due to bad weather where he stays overnight
Saturday 18 July
7.15am - departs Harden
9.15am - arrives at Goulburn (2 hrs travel time - longest and most difficult leg of the flight)
11.05 am - departs Goulburn (1 hr 50 m rest/refuel)
12.35pm - arrives at Liverpool (1 hr 30 m travel time)
1.30pm - departs Liverpool (55 m rest/refuel)
2.55pm - arrives at Moore Park, Sydney (1 hr 25 m travel time)
Total travel time: 9 hours 33 minutes.
At the time this was the longest airmail flight in the world, at some 930 kilometres, or 582 miles. In undertaking the flight, Guillaux was sponsored by O.T. Cordials, Lipton Tea and the Shell Oil Company. Along the underwing area of his plane large letters were put in place in black. They read:
ADD O-T
It would appear that these letters were made of paper or light cloth, as they deteriorated along the route and were completely gone by the time of Guillaux's arrival in Sydney. This was no doubt due to the strong winds and heavy rain encountered during the latter part of the journey, disappearing completely between Goulburn and Sydney.
Guillaux and his team had the official support of the postal authorities in this adventure, enabling him to carry mail which was stamped both in Melbourne and upon arrival in Sydney. Walter Stone has earlier on secured the support of the authorities in regard to the official status of this first air mail flight. However, following his crash on 1 June the postal authorities looked to Guillaux to complete the task. Some 2000 special postcards were printed and sold for 2/- each to commemorate the flight, and 1785 of these were carried on board by Guillaux, along with a thermos flask of tea and additional postage and freight items. The postcards printed for the aborted Walter Stone flight of 6 June (sample illustrated below) were subsequently sent to Sydney by rail during August (Kelly 2012). In one instance, Stone's name was crossed out and replaced by Guillaux.
The Guillaux flight, which was constrained by the aircraft's fuel range of approximately 2 hours, involved seven stops, usually in paddocks and on racecourses. This enabled Guillaux and his support crew to refuel and secure food and rest for the pilot and ensure the safe running of the plane. The pilot encountered extremely cold weather conditions during the course of the flight, and heavy weather on the second and third days. The planned first day would involve the flight from Melbourne to Harden or Goulburn, and the second day from there to Sydney. The support crew travelled by car and train and included a mechanic. They would travel along the way, with the aviator's arrival foreshadowed so that the general populous and authorities would be on the lookout for his arrival. He generally followed features on the landscape such as the Melbourne to Sydney train line. Departure from Melbourne was scheduled to take place at 9 am sharp on Thursday, 16 July, but the mail delivery was late arriving.
M. Guillaux ready to start to Sydney, a victim afterwards of the war, photograph. Collection: State Library of New South Wales. |
Guillaux eventually lifted off from the Melbourne Agricultural Ground at 9.12 am and arrived at Jordan's paddock, Seymour, around half an hour later at 9.54 am. At every stop he refueled, and from Seymour he departed around 10.55 am, arriving at Wangaratta at 11.40 am where he was greeted by a large crowd. Part of the second D from his underwing ADD O-T signage had blown off by this stage (illustrated below).
Maurice Guillaux at Wangaratta, Thursday, 16 July 1914. Collection: National Library of Australia. Note the promotional logo on his underwing area: ADD O-T. |
Guillaux left Wangaratta at 12.15 pm and reached Albury, in New South Wales, at 12.50 pm. Here he had lunch with his friend the local French lord mayor Georges Frere, before departing around 1.45 pm for Wagga Wagga. Reaching there just on an hour later at 2.45 pm, he initially landed on the wrong field, where a horse race had just been completed (Middleton 2012). From the second, correct site he departed around 3.45 pm, arriving at the Harden race course at 4.45 pm with the support of an especially strong tail wind. Seeking to reach Goulburn before nightfall, and having encountered good weather so far, he left Harden shortly after refueling but was forced to return due to bad weather in the form of a strong headwind near Binalong.
Route of the flight from Melbourne to Sydney. Source: Lockley 2015 |
Guillaux stayed overnight in Harden and early the next day - Friday 17 July - gave a public display during the morning despite the heavy rain. In the afternoon he took off and attempted to reach Goulburn. However, he was again forced back due to bad weather - the temperature was near freezing, with strong winds and torrential rain buffeting the frail aircraft. He also suffered some air sickness. Despite being unable to complete his journey on Friday, Guillaux nevertheless did not waste time whilst in Harden, offering joy rides to some of the local residents and also spending Friday night there at the Carrington Hotel, located next to Harden railway station. Guillaux eventually departed Harden on Saturday, 18 July at 7.15 am, arriving in Goulburn two hours later at 9.15 am after what he described as one of the worst flights he had ever undertaken in his life. Apparently the wind nearly flipped to plane on a number of occasions.
Maurice Guillaux at Goulburn, Friday 17 July 1914. |
Leaving Goulburn at 11.05 am, he reached Liverpool, a suburb of Sydney, at 12.35 pm, where he had lunch with some of the locals after landing in a nearby paddock when low on fuel. About an hour later he departed Liverpool and arrived at Sydney's Moore Park Football Ground either at 2.30 pm or 2.55 pm. Here he received a formal welcome and reception to mark the completion of his historic flight, attended by the Australian Governor-General Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson, the New South Wales Governor Sir Gerald Strickland, and Post Office officials. The Governor was at the ground attending an international rugby match which was due to kick off at 3pm. In order not to arrive too early, Guillaux took his time in landing, diverting briefly over Manly to ensure that the reception committee was ready to welcome him prior to kick off.
Guillaux arrived at Harden around 4.45 pm on Thursday 16 July and left at 7.15 am on Saturday 18 July 1914. According to one account, which happened to get some of the times and dates wrong:
When he landed at Harden on [Thursday] [afternoon], [16] July 1914, he stepped from his plane with a carton of tea under one arm and a mail bag under the other. He held the carton up so that the crowd rushing to welcome him could clearly see the name ‘Lipton.’ Then he opened a flask and took a long swig of tea. - "This is a good drink to have after a flight," he said. Guillaux was not only Australia's first long distance flier - he was also one of the first ''flying salesmen" seen in the country.
This event is reflected in the only known photograph of Guillaux at Harden, taken at the time of his arrival on Thursday afternoon. He poses therein with the mailbag in hand and surrounded by a large crowd of onlookers.
'First Aerial Mail, Melbourne to Sydney', Maurice Guillaux and his plane at Harden, 16 July 1914. Photographer: J. Mitchell. |
The above photograph was published in the Border Morning Mail, Albury, on Saturday, 3 September 1938, with the following inscription:
The scene at Harden when the hardy air adventurer landed there. On the left of the pilot is Dr. Heggarton, well known medical practitioner at Murrumburrah, and on the right is Guillaux's mechanic. Photograph supplied by Mr. J.C. King, Albury.
Preparations for Guillaux's arrival at Harden had been been set in place prior, with a large circle of stones placed in a prominent position on the Harden racecourse so that the aviator could see where to land. Usually bonfires were also lit to guide him in. Those stones remain, and at present form part of the garden at Harden High School. This is the only physical remnant of the original flight, apart from the surviving Blériot XI and the various letters and postcards. Following the landing, Guillaux made three unsuccessful attempts to fly to Goulburn, but was turned back by freezing temperatures, wind and rain.
Lockley's account
The most comprehensive account to date of Guillaux's time in Harden is to be found in Tom Lockley's small booklet Maurice Guillaux - Pioneer French Aviator in Australia (2015). Relevant sections are reproduced below, though the times given vary from those in some contemporary accounts, especially in regard to the travel times between Wagga Wagga and Harden, which are variously given as 36 minutes or just over and hour (the latter being more realistic):
....The weather was fine, and he left [Wagga Wagga] at 3.30 pm, arriving at Harden at 4.06 pm. Guillaux had planned to give an exhibition [flight] at Harden, but with the weather still favourable and a good tail wind he decided to go on to Goulburn, 94 miles away, expecting to land before darkness. Three miles out of Harden, he encountered a strong head wind, and fearing that he would not reach Goulburn before dark he returned to Harden for the night. Guillaux spent the night at the Carrington Hotel. Local identity, Mr R.J. Simpson tells us that the plane appeared ‘to be a mass of wires,’ that townspeople flocked to the racecourse and a police guard was placed on the Blériot overnight. However the Goulburn Post noted that when the aircraft arrived [at Goulburn], there were lots of penciled messages on it from the people of Harden, so the aircraft must have been accessible to them. Friday dawned cold and wet in Harden, but nevertheless Guillaux gave an aerobatic display. He apologised for not looping the loop because he did not have the braces that held him in the machine, but somehow he made room for a passenger, and three Harden residents were taken for flights. Stan Brady, of Harden, won his flight in a raffle and was taken for a flight by Guillaux; fifty years later, aged 75, he was again a passenger in a Victa Airtourer of the re-enactment flight. The following report comes from the Murrumburrah Signal and County of Harden Advocate of Monday, 20 July 1914, provided by the Murrumburrah Historical Society:
The Big Flight
Lucien Maistre, Guillaux’s representative at Goulburn, telegraphed continuously during the morning, reporting extremely bad weather. Regardless, Guillaux took off at 2 pm. Over Galong, 20 miles from Harden, cold headwinds wind and heavy rain forced him to return and spend another night in Harden. Next morning, the flight to Goulburn (94 miles) took two hours, indicating a strong headwind. Conditions were freezing. The land beneath the aircraft was rugged; it would have been far more heavily timbered than at present. Guillaux rated it among the worst flights he had ever undertaken. Eventually he was able to follow the railway line into Goulburn. The previous day Goulburn people had heard that Guillaux left Harden at 2pm on the Friday; they rushed to the racecourse, the children from Bourke Street School being given a half-holiday for the purpose. However at 4 pm it was announced that Guillaux had been forced to return to Harden because of adverse winds and freezing conditions. The next day Guillaux left Harden at 7.15 am and exactly two hours later reached Goulburn. He battled adverse winds and freezing conditions; when he landed he rushed to get warm at the beacon fire that had been lit on the racecourse. Relatively few people were there to welcome him, but the Post description was ecstatic – ‘with the grace of a bird selecting a resting place M Guillaux issued from the clouds to the west of South Hill shortly before half-past nine this morning, and soaring gracefully over the eminence and descended with a swoop at the southern end of the racecourse and alighted almost in the centre of the ground’. At 9.15 am he landed and hurried to the signal fire to get warm.
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Lockley's account outlined above included original research and reference to contemporary reports. Some of these are reproduced below. Unfortunately, due to his death in 1917, first-hand reports by Guillaux are limited to those few comments published in the Australian media during 1914.
Contemporary accounts of the flight
Guillaux's flight from Sydney to Melbourne received extensive covering in the local and interstate newspapers. Some of these items are reproduced below.
Daily Advertiser, Wagga Wagga, Saturday, 4 July 1914. An early report on the upcoming flight.
Guillaux's Aerial Mail Flight
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Daily Advertiser, Wagga Wagga, Friday, 17 July 1914.
Two Miles A Minute
Harden, Thursday. M. Guillaux flew from Junee to Harden (61 miles) in thirty one minutes.
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The Advertiser, Adelaide, Saturday, 18 July 1914
Aviation - Guillaux's Fight
Melbourne, July 17. M. Guillaux gave an exhibition flight at Murrumburrah this morning [Friday] in the presence of 1,000 people. Heavy rain was falling, but he ascended to an altitude of 3,000 ft. M. Guillaux could not see the crowd on the ground, but could see the sun shining above the clouds. He gave a delightful exhibition, and performed some wonderful evolutions. The aviator was heartily cheered, and left at 2 o'clock this afternoon for Goulburn. Rain fell last night, and started again this morning, lasting till noon, the downfall being the heaviest for some time. Against the advice of his manager, M. Guillaux left Harden shortly after 2 p.m., the weather having apparently cleared. However, he met bad weather, and did not feel well on reaching Binalong. He decided to return to Harden. He proposes to make an early start to-morrow [Saturday].
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The Ballarat Courier, Saturday, 18 July 1914.
M. Guillaux at Harden. Delayed by Heavy Rain.
Goulburn, Friday. M. Guillaux left Harden this afternoon with the intention of flying to Goulburn, but at Binalong decided to turn back, and returned to Harden. He encountered bad weather when he left Harden, and became ill. His manager has telegraphed to him advising him not to continue the flight until the heavy weather has ceased. To-night's report shows that heavy rain is falling between Goulburn and Sydney.
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The Daily Telegraph, Sydney, Friday, 17 July 1914. Includes a map of the flight.
The Big Flight. Melbourne to Sydney. M. Guillaux's Undertaking. Arrival at Harden.
....Goulburn, Thursday. - M. Guillaux arrived at Harden at 4.30 pm, covering the 63 miles between Junee and Harden in 35 minutes. He will remain at Harden tonight, and leave for Goulburn at 10 o'clock tomorrow morning. He will land some distance out of Goulburn, and fly to the racecourse, where he is to give an exhibition. His first stage tomorrow will be 94 miles.
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Goulburn Evening Penny Post, Saturday, 18 July 1914.
The Flying Frenchman.
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Goulburn Evening Penny Post, Saturday, 18 July 1914.
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The Australasian, Melbourne, Saturday, 25 July 1914.
To Sydney by Air. Guillaux's Flight Finished. First Aerial Post.
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The Urana Independent and Clear Hills Standard, Friday, 2 November 1917.
Guillaux's Great Feat
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The Sun, Kalgoorlie, Sunday, 26 July 1914.
Aviator Guillaux Triumphs
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Murrumburrah Signal and County of Harden Advocate, Monday, 20 July 1914.
Local and General
An old resident remarked that he had been informed that M. Guillaux went up beyond the clouds and never got a speck of dirt on his boots. "It was," he said, "evidence that he got out of the boundaries of Murrumburrah Municipality."
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Maurice Guillaux's Blériot XI, Powerhouse Museum, Sydney. |
Postscript: Austin Byrne of Harden
The following account was published by the National Museum of Australian in 2014 regarding a young man who was working in Harden at the time of Guillaux's visit:
Thousands of people turned out to watch Guillaux land at, take off from, or fly over their towns during his historic airmail flight. Many had never seen an aircraft. Amongst the crowd of spectators in Harden, New South Wales, was 12 year old Austin Byrne. Born in Wickham, a suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales in 1902, Byrne’s interest in aviation developed through a troubled childhood and early fascination with machines, flight and adventure. At the age of 12, Byrne went to live with his aunt in Harden. Suffering severe depression, separated from his mother, brother and cousin, Byrne left school and started working at the Cohen and Co. store in Harden. By coincidence, or ‘divine providence’ as he would see it in later years, Byrne was in the perfect location to witness Guillaux’s flight and begin his life-long interest in aviation. In 1917, Byrne moved to Sydney and began working at the New South Wales Railways Eveleigh workshops as a labourer. During the following six decades of his life, Byrne lived with family, permanently and temporarily, near Sydney Airport – Mascot Aerodrome as it was then – in Rosebery at his mother’s home or in Mascot at his sister and brother in-law’s residence. As an important centre for Australia’s developing aviation industry, Mascot hosted numerous businesses and aviators, drawing media and public attention with joy flights, aerobatic displays, record attempts and aerial pageants. On 10 June 1928, Byrne was again part of aviation history as he stood amongst the crowd of thousands that greeted the Southern Cross and her crew at Mascot aerodrome after their successful trans-Pacific flight. Pilot Charles Kingsford Smith, co-pilot Charles Ulm and American crew-members, James Warner and Harry Lyon, were greeted as heroes after completing their flight from Oakland, California to Eagle Farm Aerodrome in Brisbane. Like many Australians, Byrne had been caught up in the frenzy surrounding the flight and he decided to make a model of the Southern Cross. Byrne intended to present the model to Kingsford Smith as a gift on his return after another record breaking flight from England to Australia in November 1935. When Kingsford Smith and co-pilot Tommy Pethybridge tragically disappeared in the Lady Southern Cross during that flight, Byrne decided that he would mount his Southern Cross model on a marble pedestal as a tribute to the aircraft and her crews. Encouraged by the success of his model, Byrne began to imagine further tributes in the hope of creating a Southern Cross Memorial to commemorate the lives of Kingsford Smith and Ulm and their journeys in the Southern Cross. With little training in or knowledge of metal work or sculpting techniques, Byrne began to construct a world globe tracing the flights, a shrine and book of the history of the Southern Cross and a ‘book of remembrance’ containing handwritten tributes from famous international aviators. Byrne spent decades collecting and creating the components of his Southern Cross Memorial, which he donated to the Australian government in 1970 and was transferred into the collection of the National Museum of Australia in 1980 – for more information about Byrne’s work view the collection highlight on the Museum’s website (Wilson 2014).
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The
flight from Melbourne to Sydney, though physically a trial for the
aviator, proved a great success for him, his team and the sponsors. It
was reported in detail within newspapers across the country, and closely
followed by communities on the route, with Guillaux drawing large
crowds wherever he landed. It was also filmed in part. O.T. Cordials, Lipton Tea
and Shell subsequently published advertisements which made reference to
the flight.
O.T. Cordial advertisement, The Sunday Times, Perth, 26 July 1914. |
Unfortunately,
the historic flight would also prove to be the climax of Guillaux's
Australian visit. Just two weeks later, on 1 August, Guillaux was badly
injured during a crash at Ascot Racecourse, Sydney. To further add to
his woes and curtail any plans to settle in Australia, during the
following week events in Europe took over the
headlines as the world moved towards the "war to end all wars" following
the Sarajevo assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of
Austria-Hungary on 28 June. Germany soon after declared war against
Russia and France on 1 and 3 August, and on 4 August Britain joined the
fray by declaring war on Germany. With Europe and the British Empire,
including Australia, now mobilising for war, thoughts of loop the loop
displays and novel air mail services were put on the back burner.
Ron Lee’s article The myth that Guillaux carried the first airmail in Australia published in the Australian Stamps Professional edition of May/June 2022 is full of errors of historical fact, misplaced assumptions on the part of the author, and plainly wrong. As shown above, Guillaux completed the first official airmail flight in Australia from Melbourne to Sydney – a distance of some 930 kilometres - between Thursday 16 and Saturday 18 July 1914, with the support of the Commonwealth Postmaster General’s Department in carrying freight and mail between the two cities.
Lee opens his argument to the contrary by first of all belittling Guillaux’s ‘fragile,
primitive and unreliable aircraft’ – the Blériot XI monoplane with a 50 horsepower Gnome engine and 55 litre
fuel tank. Far from being the
aircraft that Lee describes, the Blériot XI is recognised for its notable
achievements in early aviation history, including the first flight across the
English Channel in 1909, breaking the flight airspeed record the following
year, and military use during World War I (Wikipedia 2022). Lee then states in
regards to Guillaux’s Australian flight during 1914 that ‘No one in the
world had made a journey by air over such a long distance’. In fact, just
the previous year Guillaux had won the Pommery Cup by flying 1,229 kilometres
in a single day - 29 April 1913 - between Biarritz and Kollum.
Contemporary
newspaper reports of the proposed Melbourne to Sydney flight refer to it being
the ‘first aerial mail’ in Australia (Daily Advertiser, Wagga
Wagga, 4 July 1914). As a result, there was much excitement and anticipation
regarding the French aviator’s departure from Melbourne on 16 July 1914, with
movie cameras recording the event.
Lee goes on to state that Guillaux only carried souvenir postcards and ‘no mail’, arguing that the 1735 postcards could not be classified as such. Yet, the French aviator carried not only the postcards, but also freight such as a box of OT Cordial, and some letters. The postcards and other items were handled by the post office at both ends of the journey. They were appropriately stamped and postmarked, carried in official mail bags and received in Sydney by a senior member of the PMG’s Department and then delivered to the General Post Office for dispersal. To define this process as anything other than the dispatch and delivery of ‘mail’, as Lee seeks to do, is neither correct nor convincing. For example, as the Goulburn Evening Penny Post of Saturday, 18 July reported:
In addition to the postcards, which weighed a trifle over 40 lb., which M. Guillaux had decided to carry, the airman bore a letter or greeting from the Governor of Victoria (Sir Arthur Stanley) to the Governor of New South Wales (Sir Gerald Strickland), and a letter from the French Vice-Consul in Melbourne (M. Momery) to the French Consul-General at Sydney (M. Chayet).
Lee cites the fact that a number of letters were part of Guillaux’s cargo, but then presents a convoluted argument that they were not in fact ‘mail’ and therefore the whole historic flight cannot be referred to as Australia’s first aerial mail flight.
Letter carried by Guillaux, postmarked Melbourne, 16 July 1914. Source: Stampboards. |
Lee even includes an illustration of the letter to the French Consul-General in Sydney that was stamped and carried on the flight, and marked ‘Per Aerial Mail’ in black pen similar to the rest of the text on the envelope. But he then informs the reader that this annotation ‘appears to be added at a later date’, with no evidence to support this statement. Lee eventually concludes that ‘based on the fact that the Post Office did not instigate the operation and no mail was flown, … this could not have been the first airmail in Australia.’
With all due respect to Mr. Lee, in the opinion of this author the statement carries no weight. The question therefore needs to be asked: Why has Ron Lee sought to rewrite history in this manner?
In 1914 Guillaux’s flight was clearly recognised throughout Australia as the first airmail flight, before, during and after it took place. It was supported by the Post Master General’s Department; postcards and letters were stamped and postmarked in both Melbourne and Sydney; and members of the public and officials made use of the opportunity to post material on this historic first airmail flight. The fact that it was instigated by commercial and private interests does not negate its occurrence and historical significance. The further fact that the PMG’s Department publically supported and participated in the flight, and its preparation, puts paid to any suggestion by Lee or others that it was not Australia’s first official airmail flight. This has been recognised on numerous occasions by the PMG’s Department and Australia Post, with special commemorative issues in 1964, 1989 and 2014. The Australian aviation fraternity also recognised the historic significance of this pioneering flight and has participated in a number of re-enactments. Guillaux’s original plane continues to hold pride of place in the Powerhouse Museum, Sydney.
Following Guillaux’s flight in July 1914, the onset of Word War I put paid to any attempts to initiate a regular airmail service. However, moves in that direction commenced shortly before the end of the war. As noted above, on 23 November 1917, R. Graham Carey flew his Blériot 60 from Enfield to the Gawler Racecourse at Evanston, carrying the first official air mail delivery within South Australia. Captain Harry Butler, Chief Flying Instructor of the Royal Australian Flying Corp, flew his 'Red Devil' Bristol M1C monoplane in an air mail flight from Adelaide to Minlaton on 6 August 1919. Also, between November 1919 and February 1920, the first aerial mail flight from England to Australia took place, by Ross and Keith Smith aboard a Vickers Vimy.
Attempts to claim ownership of Guillaux's achievement were not limited to the Lismore flight, as noted above. The claim by Lee that the airmail flight between Lismore and Tenterfield
in June 1920 was ‘the first Australian airmail flight’ should therefore
be put to rest, and Guillaux’s achievement celebrated for the
pioneering effort that it was, alongside an unalterable right to the title.
References
Brown, Simon Leo, Flight marks centenary of first air mail service, ABC Radio Melbourne, 14 July 2014.
Crouch, Tom D., Blériot XI: The Story of a Classic Aircraft, Series: Famous Aircraft of the National Air and Space Museum, No.5, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982, 144p.
Centenary of First Air Mail (Australia), Postcard Interactive Company of Sydney [website], 9 July 2014.
Debenham, Ian, First Powered Flight in Australia, Parts 1 - 4, Inside the Collection [webpages], Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences (Powerhouse Museum), Sydney, 16 November - 9 December 2009.
Dougherty, Kerrie, The story of Australia's first airmail, Parts 1 - 11, Inside the Collection [webpages], Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences (Powerhouse Museum), Sydney, 8 April - 29 October 2014.
Kelly, Maurice, Arthur B. "Wizard" Stone flies his Blériot plane in Australia, 1914, Australian Postal History & Social Philately [website], 2012.
Lee, Ron, The myth that Guillaux carried the first airmail in Australia, Australian Stamps Professional, 16(3), May/June 2022, 4-6, 8.
Lockley, Tom, Maurice Guillaux - France's Forgotten Pioneer Airman in Australia, The French-Australian Review, 56, Winter 2014, 22p.
-----, Maurice Guillaux - Pioneer French Aviator in Australia, manuscript, April 2015, 44p.
Marciniak, Catherine, Forgotten for a century, Australia's first officially sanctioned air mail flight re-enacted at Lismore, ABC News, 1 July 2020.
Maurice Guillaux, Wikipedia [ webpage], accessed 15 September 2021.
Mcnay, Nigel, Celebration of a trailblazer, The Border Mail, 28 March 2014.
Middleton, Peter, Australia's First Airmail Flight - Maurice Guillaux - 100 Years of Airmail in Australia, Airtourer Association Newsletter, 139, August 2011.
Simpson, Margaret, Blériot XI Monoplane [webpage], Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences (Powerhouse Museum), Sydney, 2021.
von Horcher, Cherie, Flying French Postie's First Aussie Route, ABC News, 14 July 2014.
Wilson, Jennifer, 'Par Avion' - French for 'By Airmail', The People & Environment Blog, National Museum of Australia, 9 July 2014.
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Maurice Guillaux - 50th Anniversary 1964 | Postcards & Philatelics 1913+ | Flying into Harden 1914 | First Australian Aerial Mail 1914 | Australia - photographs & film 1914
Last updated: 30 May 2022
Michael Organ
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